The party establishments and their governing philosophies, moreover, are no longer tethered to the aspirations and interests of their constituencies; a reality reflected not only in the continuation of a long-term growth of self-identified independents, who now outnumber Republicans or Democrats at Whatever else the culture war of the last several decades accomplished, it unquestionably contributed to the intensification of this legitimation crisis. 3 James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991); James Davison Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins: Searching for Democracy in America’s Culture War (New York: The Free Press, 1994); James Davidson Hunter and Alan Wolfe, Is There a Culture War? He named abortion, sexual orientation and popular culture as major fronts—and mentioned other controversies, including clashes over the The culture war had significant impact on national politics in the 1990s.The culture wars influenced the debate over state-school history curricula in the United States in the 1990s. In their eyes, immigrants, gays, women, the poor, and other groups are (undeservedly) granted special rights and privileges." These authors view culture war not as an unavoidable result of widespread cultural differences, but as a technique used to create Political commentator E. J. Dionne has written that culture war is an electoral technique to exploit differences and grievances, remarking that the real cultural division is "between those who want to have a culture war and those who don't. Melzer writes about the example of the Similarly, religion scholar Susan B. Ridgely has written that culture wars were made possible by Political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins have written about an asymmetry between the US's two major political parties, saying the Republican party should be understood as an ideological movement built to wage political conflict, and the Democratic party as a coalition of social groups with less ability impose ideological discipline on members.For the "culture war" between the German state and the Roman Catholic Church in the 1870s, see (Similar arguments were Yet, while there are elements of the ongoing culture wars present in the debate over Confederate statues, the rally of white nationalists in Charlottesville reveals how the culture wars have evolved and metastasized into a class war with several sprawling components, far different from the one Karl Marx might have predicted. What is more, these members of the lower middle class see many of the values and beliefs they live by — once perceived as honorable in their own communities — ridiculed as bigoted, homophobic, misogynist, xenophobic and backward by a relatively privileged and powerful elite. Have a question about our comment policies? Unsurprisingly, this crisis, too, follows a class pattern. In addition, policy

Indeed, history has long been a source of conflict in the culture war. Hunter described what he saw as a dramatic realignment and polarization that had … A growing majority of Americans believe that their government cannot be trusted, that its leaders (and the leadership class more broadly) are incompetent and self-interested, and that as citizens, they personally have little power to influence the powerful institutions or circumstances that shape their lives. Among the poorly educated who are religiously conservative, the levels of distrust, cynicism and alienation are even higher.As a result, the credibility of the political establishment, conservative and liberal — its governing philosophies and ideals, its institutional authority, and its leadership — has been depleted.

Polarization and the Crisis of Legitimacy James Davison Hunter Reprinted from The Hedgehog Review 12.3 (Fall 2010).

Most significantly, the idea that one can find truth in the words of politicians or that there are even agreed-upon truths to which politicians could be held to account has largely vanished. James Davison Hunter is the LaBrosse-Levinson Professor of Religion, Culture and Social Theory and Executive Director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture at …

It is tempting to see the Unite the Right rally last month in my hometown of Charlottesville and the counterprotests it inspired as yet another tragic — albeit, violent and racist — episode in the culture wars. The culture wars we fought before have given way to a new and worrying confrontation, the stakes of which feel darker and higher.The streets of my hometown are now one stage upon which these larger, longer-standing cultural and class dynamics are playing out. In it, Hunter makes two major claims. According to a study entitled “Another feature of our new culture wars is our crisis of legitimation, the very kind of crisis that troubled postwar German social theorists when they attempted to make sense of the rise of Hitler and prevent a similar historical nightmare from occurring. Ideologues might be invigorated but the middle might participate less.

... are an important factor driving the polarization. What We want to believe that the tragic insults to liberal democracy today — whether in the White House or the streets of Charlottesville — are atypical, and that soon, reason and good sense will again prevail. A review of Science and the Good, by James Davison Hunter and Paul Nedelisky.

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