Having spent so much time as a patient when he was a child—being bled by lancet or by leech, fed tinctures and bitter weeds, left to sweat it out alone in his bed or soaked in a special bath—he was perhaps too familiar with other, nonsurgical branches of medicine, where recovery was often a guessing game. On one occasion, a Jefferson Medical College professor attempted a daring removal of a patient’s upper jaw, using marvelous speed to incise the face and rip out the bones with a huge forceps. The author, Charles R. Morris, concentrates on the period before the Civil War. Almost every act a doctor performed—invasive examinations, elaborate surgeries, complicated births—had to be done by sun or lamplight.Basics of modern medicine, such as the infectiousness of diseases, were still under heavy dispute. He would wake to bugs crawling in his hair and mouth, and fall asleep to sounds of the rats chewing through his clothes, attempting to suss out even the smallest morsel of food. now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. His clothing was always clean, current, and fastidiously tailored. Gradually, Mutter grew to understand why.In regular surgical lectures, patients rarely understood the trouble they were in. He is stronger and more active and is considerably grown.”The following year, Lewis wrote, “His general health has been better than it was the last year,” though he was forced to add that the boy was still “occasionally attacked by bilious colic,” a painful condition marked by severe cramping, vomiting, and jaundice.In his own letters to Carter, young Thomas rarely mentioned his health or his scholastics. Surgeons, unlike other professionals of the medical field, were successes of their own creation. He felt like a new man. He was a first-generation Scottish immigrant whose father endeared himself to his new countrymen by fighting alongside them in the Revolutionary War.

No, rather he made it a habit to stand straight, to make his smile easy and his laugh warm.

Furthermore, mechanization and interchangeable parts are not two sides of the same coin. He took copious notes, drew detailed diagrams, and bought every relevant book he could find and afford. The hospitals were typically open to any visiting doctors, provided one could show them a medical degree and, when necessary, place the right amount of coins into the right hands.Studying medicine in Paris became so popular that guidebooks were written just for the visiting American doctors. He compares the industrialization process in the United States with that in Great Britain, and in the final chapter briefly discusses the growth of China in relation to American prospects, a development which has similarities to the economic growth of the United States when Great Britain was the leading industrial nation.

He gives examples from several different industries, including clock-making, textiles, iron and steel, making sewing machines, and firearms. At the end of his first year there, a frustrated merchant sent Colonel Carter the overdue bill directly, demanding payment for the more than one hundred dollars’ worth of clothing and accessories Thomas had purchased on credit during the school year (and for which Thomas had only been able to pay back half).The bill shows that Thomas—who was just sixteen years old—had made such eclectic purchases as a fashionable leghorn hat, several patterned vests, jackets and pants, yards of ribbons made from silk and velvet, several pairs of silk stockings, dog biscuits, a buck knife, and even several dozen cigars. A burned woman’s eye could close for the first time in ten years, thanks to a surgeon’s knife cutting the binding scar tissue and replacing it with skin from her own cheek. Would these unfortunates be presented like a sideshow?


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